X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Services. XRD has a very wide range of applications, across many sample types and materials. Please see our XRD application notes for more specific examples. A typical XRD application is phase-ID. Shown below is the diffraction pattern from a TiO 2 sample.
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Session Overview
THE PRINCIPLES OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION 85 Brag&s formula can be applied to reflections on atomic planes which are not parallel to the crystal surface, because the condition of re-inforcement does not. THE PRINCIPLES OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION 83 Now the difference of optical path for the top and bottom wave is shown by the heavy-drawn path lying between two parts of the wave-fronts of the incident and reflected waves. Its length is 2Nd sin 0. The path difference between reflections on neighbouring planes is. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful nondestructive technique for characterizing crystalline materials. It provides information on structures, phases, preferred crystal orientations (texture. Download full-text PDF. X-Ray Diffraction: Instrumentation and Applications. Associated with the rapid development of the technique of X-ray diffraction over the past five years pertaining to. X-Ray Diffraction or XRD instrument & its technique is largely being used in the modern sciences in the various pharmaceuticals applications.
| Modules | Crystalline Materials |
| Concepts | Braggs' law, x-ray diffraction of crystals: diffractometry, Laue, and Debye-Scherrer, crystal symmetry and selection rules |
| Keywords | x-ray diffraction, Braggs’ law, angle of incidence, angle of reflection, constructive interference, destructive interference, crest, trough, amplitude, wavelength, phase, monochromatic, coherent light, incoherent light, order of reflection, index of refraction, collimator, diffraction peak, rotational symmetry, Laue diffraction, quasicrystal, translational symmetry, long-range order, x-ray crystallography, Penrose tiles, William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg, Max von Laue, Roger Penrose, Peter Debye, Peter Scherrer, Dan Shechtman |
| Chemical Substances | copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), aluminum-manganese alloy (Al-Mn) |
| Applications | growth of single-crystal Si, identification of planes and symmetry in crystals, Penrose tiles |
Prerequisites
Before starting this session, you should be familiar with the prior topics in this module (Session 15 through Session 17), especially:
- Miller indices for crystal directions and planes
- SC, FCC, and BCC crystal structures
- X-ray production methods and characteristic emission lines (Cu Kα, etc.)
Looking Ahead
X-ray diffraction is a popular technique to discover the structures of organic molecules such as proteins (Session 31) and, most famously, DNA (Session 32), as well as inorganic crystals. It is also used to determine the degree of long-range order and symmetry present in a crystal, or lacking in a glass, which is the topic of the next module (Session 21: Introduction to Glasses).
Learning Objectives
After completing this session, you should be able to:
- Sketch the reflection of incident radiation off atomic planes, and derive Braggs' law for this geometry.
- Identify which planes produce x-ray diffraction peaks in FCC and BCC crystals.
- Given a graph of x-ray intensity vs. angle, or the 2θ values of the diffraction peaks, determine the crystal structure and lattice constant of the sample.
- Explain the difference between x-ray diffractometry and Laue diffraction.
- Determine the types of symmetry present in a given tiling pattern.
Reading
Archived Lecture Notes #5 (PDF), Sections 4-6
| Book Chapters | Topics |
|---|---|
| [Saylor] 12.3, 'Structures of Simple Binary Compounds.' | Common structures of binary compounds, x-ray diffraction |
| [JS] 3.7, 'X-Ray Diffraction.' | Diffraction, Braggs' law and reflection rules; single-crystal, polycrystal, and powder diffraction techniques |
Lecture Video
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Resources
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Lecture Summary
X-rays reflect off each atomic plane in a crystal, producing patterns of destructive and constructive interference according to Braggs' law. One popular method of determining crystal structure, x-ray diffractometry, involves monochromatic x-rays bouncing off a rotating target; the resulting peaks indicate the identity and spacing of the close-packed planes, which are different for FCC and BCC. Another method, Laue diffraction, uses x-rays of multiple wavelengths and a fixed target, producing a pattern reflective of the symmetry present in the crystal structure. The cubic lattices include planes that have 1, 2, 3, or 4-fold rotational symmetry, but quasicrystals displaying 5-fold structures have been observed in experiments on Al-Mn alloys and generated mathematically as Penrose tiles.
Homework
Textbook Problems
[JS] Chapter 3, Sample Problems 20, 21
| [Saylor] Sections | Conceptual | Numerical |
|---|---|---|
| [Saylor] 12.3, 'Structures of Simple Binary Compounds.' | 8, 9 | 11, 12 |
For Further Study
People
William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg – 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics
Max von Laue – 1914 Nobel Prize in Physics
Peter Debye – 1936 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Culture
Mozart, Wolfgang. 'Rondo Alla Turca.' Piano Sonata no. 11 in A major, K. 331.
Other OCW and OER Content
| Content | Provider | Level | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| X-Ray Diffraction Techniques | DoITPoMS | Undergraduate |
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