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Atsuta Shrine (熱田神宮, Atsuta-jingū) is a Shinto shrine traditionally believed to have been established during the reign of Emperor Keikō (71-130) located in Atsuta-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture in Japan.^[1] The shrine is familiarly known as Atsuta-Sama (Venerable Atsuta) or simply as Miya (the Shrine). Since ancient times, it has been especially revered, ranking with the Grand Shrine of Ise.^[2]

The 200,000-square-metre (2,200,000 sq ft) shrine complex draws over 9 million visitors annually.^[2]

History[edit]

The Kojiki explains that Atsuta Shrine was founded to house the Kusanagi no Tsurugi Super mario flash 2gamerate. , a legendary sword.

According to traditional sources, Yamato Takeru died in the 43rd year of Emperor Keiko's reign (景行天皇43年, equivalent 113 AD).^[3] The possessions of the dead prince were gathered together along with the sword Kusanagi; and his widow venerated his memory in a shrine at her home. Sometime later, these relics and the sacred sword were moved to the current location of the Atsuta Shrine.^[4]Nihonshoki explains that this move occurred in the 51st year of Keiko's reign, but shrine tradition also dates this event in the 1st year of Emperor Chūai's reign.^[5]

During the Northern and Southern Courts Period, because it was believed that the Kusanagi no Tsurugi was or had once been housed there, the Atsuta Shrine proved to be a significant site in the struggle between ousted Emperor Go-Daigo (Southern Court) and the new emperor, Takauji Ashikaga (Northern Court). Go-Daigo was a patron to Atsuta Masayoshi, the shrine's attendant, who subsequently fled with him to Mt. Hiei in 1336 and went on to command troops on Go-Daigo's behalf in 1337. In 1335, after rebelling against Go-Daigo, Takauji appointed a new shrine attendant. He later prayed there while advancing on the capital, mimicking the behavior of Minamoto Yoritomo, who had done the same before founding the Kamakura shogunate.^[6]

In 1338, the Southern Court had one more chance to occupy the shrine when Kitabatake Akiie led a large army down from the Southern Court's base on Mount Ryōzen.^[6][7] In the first month of 1338, Akiie also prayed at the shrine. However, he was killed in battle soon after and the Ashikaga cemented their control over Atsuta Shrine.^[6]

From 1872 through 1946, Atsuta Shrine was officially designated one of the Kanpei-taisha (官幣大社), meaning that it stood in the first rank of government supported shrines.^[8]

Architecture[edit]

The shrine's buildings were maintained by donations from a number of benefactors, including well-known Sengoku period figures like Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and the Tokugawas. For example, the Nobunaga-Bei, a 7.4 m high roofed mud wall, was donated to the shrine in 1560 by Nobunaga as a token of gratitude for his victory at the Battle of Okehazama.^[9]

In 1893, it was remodeled using the Shinmeizukuri architectural style, the same style used in the building of Ise Shrine. Before a celebration in 1935, the shrine's buildings as well as other facilities were completely rearranged and improved in order to better reflect the history and cultural significance of the shrine.^[2]

During the bombings of World War II, however, many of Atsuta Shrine's buildings were destroyed by fire. The shrine's main buildings, such as the honden, were reconstructed and completed in 1955.^[2] Following the completion of these buildings, construction of other buildings continued on the shrine grounds. In 1966 the Treasure Hall was completed in order to house the shrine's collection of objects, manuscripts and documents.^[10]

Shinto belief[edit]

This Shinto shrine is dedicated to the veneration of Atsuta-no-Ōkami. Also enshrined are the 'Five Great Gods of Atsuta', all of whom are connected with the legendary narratives of the sacred sword — Amaterasu-Ōmikami, Takehaya Susanoo-no-mikoto, Yamato Takeru-no-mikoto, Miyasu-hime no-mikoto, and Take Inadane-no-mikoto.^[11]

Atsuta is the traditional repository of Kusanagi no Tsurugi, the ancient sword that is considered one of the Three Sacred Treasures of Japan.^[12] Central to the Shinto significance of Atsuta Shrine is the sacred sword which is understood to be a gift from Amaterasu Ōmikami. This unique object has represented the authority and stature of Japan's emperors since time immemorial. Kusanagi is imbued with Amaterasu's spirit.^[13]

During the reign of Emperor Sujin, duplicate copies of the Imperial regalia were made in order to safeguard the originals from theft.^[14] This fear of theft proved to be justified during the reign of Emperor Tenji when the sacred sword was stolen from Atsuta; and it was not to be returned until the reign of Emperor Tenmu.^[3] Although not seen by the general public since that time, it is said to have remained in safekeeping at the shrine up to the present day.

Treasures[edit]

The shrine's Bunkaden, or treasure hall, houses over 4,000 relics, which include 174 Important Cultural Properties and a dagger that is a designated National Treasure of Japan. Atsuta Jingu Museum preserves and displays a variety of historic material, including the koshinpō (sacred garments, furniture and utensils for use of the enshrined deities). A number of donated swords, mirrors and other objects are held by the shrine, including Bugaku masks and other material associated with ancient court dances. The Bunkaden collection ranges from ancient documents to household articles. Aichi Prefecture has designated 174 items as important cultural assets.^[15]

Festivals[edit]

Over 70 ceremonies and festivals are held annually at the shrine.^[10]

• Hatsu-Ebisu (January 5): Seeking good fortune in the new year from Ebisu, the kami of Fortune.^[16]
• Yodameshi Shinji (January 7): The projected annual rainfall for the coming year is prophesied by measuring the amount of water in a pot kept underneath the floor of the Eastern Treasure House.^[16]
• Touka Shinji (January 11): A variation on an annual ceremony (Touka-no-sechie) of the Imperial Court in the Heian period (10th-12th Century), the shrine dance becomes a prayer in movement hoping for bumper crops of the year.^[16]
• Hosha Shinji (January 15): Ceremonial which involves shooting an arrow at a wooden piece called chigi fixed at the center of a huge mark.^[16]
• Bugaku Shinji (May 1): A ceremonial dance from the Heian era is performed outdoors on a red painted stage.^[16]
• Eyoudo Shinji (May 4): A festival to commemorate the return of the sacred sword in the reign of Emperor Tenji.^[16]
• Shinyo-Togyo Shinji (May 5): A festival in which portable shrine (mikoshi) is carried in a formal procession to the Western Gate, where ceremonies and prayers for the security of the Imperial Palace are performed in the open air.^[16] In the Meiji period and Taisho period, this procession moved in sober and solemn silence. The ceremony at the gate was brief, lasting only 20 minutes; and then the mikoshi and its attendants returned into the Shrine precincts. Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa provided a new mikoshi and a complete set of robes and other accouterments for this festival on the occasion of repairs to the shrine in the 1457-1459 (Chōroku 1-3).^[17]
• Rei Sai (June 5): Portable tabernacles (mikoshi) in various styles are carried along the approaches to the shrine; and at night, groups of 365 lanterns (makiwara) appear lit at the gates.^[16] This festival commemorates an Imperial proclamation (semmyō) issued in 1872 (Meiji 5). After 1906 (Meiji 39), exhibitions of judo, fencing (gekken), and archery (kyūdō) are presented for the gratification of the kami.^[17]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines. pp. 429-453.
2. ^ ^abcdAtsuta-jingū org:Archived June 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine'Introduction.'Archived April 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
3. ^ ^abPonsonby-Fane, p. 433.
4. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 434.
5. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 435.
6. ^ ^abcConlan, Thomas Donald (2011-08-11). From Sovereign to Symbol: An Age of Ritual Determinism in Fourteenth Century Japan. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199778119.
7. ^''Ryouzen Ima Mukashi Monogatari' Tourism Pamphlet'(PDF). date-shi.jp. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
8. ^Encyclopedia of Shinto: Atsuta Shinkō
9. ^Atsuta-jingū org: 'Precinct' (map).Archived April 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
10. ^ ^abJapan National Tourist Organization (JNTO): Atsuta-jingū Shrine.
11. ^Ponsonby-Fane, p. 429.
12. ^
13. ^Ponsonby-Fane, pp. 438-439.
14. ^Ponsonby-Fane, pp. 430-431.
15. ^Atsuta-jingū org: 'Treasure.'Archived May 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
16. ^ ^abcdefghAtsuta-jingū org: 'Festivals.'Archived April 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
17. ^ ^abPonsonby-Fane, p. 452.

References[edit]

• Iwao, Seiichi, Teizō Iyanaga, Susumu Ishii and Shôichirô Yoshida. (2002). Dictionnaire historique du Japon. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. ISBN978-2-7068-1575-1; OCLC 51096469
• Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 3994492

External links[edit]

Media related to Atsuta Shrine at Wikimedia Commons

• (in Japanese)Atsuta-jingū website
• (in English)Atsuta-jingū website

Tatsuta Maru (龍田丸), was a Japaneseocean liner owned by Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK). The ship was built in 1927–1929 by Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. at Nagasaki, Japan. The vessel was named after Tatsuta Jinja an important Shinto shrine in Nara Prefecture.^[1]

Background[edit]

Tatsuta Maru and her sister shipsAsama Maru and Chichibu Maru were built for NYK's premier high-speed trans-Pacific Orient-California fortnightly service, coming into operation from autumn of 1929^[2] In NYK advertising these ships were characterized as 'The Queen of the Sea.'^[3] Principal ports-of-call included Hong Kong, Shanghai, Kobe, Yokohama, Honolulu, Los Angeles & San Francisco.^[4] The trip from Yokohama to San Francisco typically took 15 days, with fares starting from $190 in second class and from $315 in first class.

Details[edit]

The 16,975-ton vessel had a length of 583 feet (178 m), and a beam of 71 feet (22 m). The ship had four Mitsubishi-Sulzer diesel engines, two funnels, two masts, quadruple screws and a service speed of 21 knots.^[5] only one funnel was actually necessary, but a second one was added for the sake of appearance.^[6]

Tatsuta Maru provided accommodation for 222 first-class passengers and for 96 second-class passengers. There was also room for up to 504 third-class passengers. The ship and passengers were served by a crew of 330.^[7]

She was laid down on 3 December 1927 at Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co.Nagasaki, Japan, with yard number 451,^[7] and was launched on 12 April 1929. When almost complete, she was severely damaged by fire on 7 February 1930,^[8] but the damage was repaired quickly and she soon was completed.

Civilian career[edit]

Tatsuta Maru undertook her maiden voyage on 15 March 1930,^[7] sailing from Yokohama to San Francisco,^[4] and subsequently commenced regularly scheduled trans-Pacific services via Honolulu. In October 1931, she carried members of the American Major League Baseball teams, including Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig to Japan for a Japanese-American exhibition tournament.^[9] On 12 November 1936, she became the first civilian vessel to pass under the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, the longest in the world at the time.^[10]

In 1938, the transliteration of her name was official changed to Tatuta Maru in line with new Japanese regulations on the Romanization of Japanese.

In January 1940, Tatsuta Maru was scheduled to carry 512 seamen from the German transport SS Columbus, who had been interned in the United States after they scuttled their ship rather than to have it fall into the hands of the British. However, due to political pressure applied on the American government, they were not allowed to board. 7 tips to consider while launching your craft website. In June of the same year, she arrived in San Francisco with 40 Jewish refugees from Russia, Austria, Germany, and Norway who had managed to reach Japan overland via Siberia.

In San Francisco on 20 March 1941, Tatsuta Maru disembarked Colonel Hideo Iwakuro dispatched by Prime MinisterHideki Tojo to assist Ambassador Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura in his negotiations with the United States. On 26 July, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed an executive order to seize Japanese assets in the United States in retaliation for the Japanese invasion of French Indochina. Tatsuta Maru was in San Francisco at the time, and American authorities confiscated a shipment of over nine million dollars in bonds by the Yokohama Specie Bank. On 30 July, the American government granted Tatsuta Maru a license to purchase enough fuel oil for the voyage back to Japan. This was last official oil export from the United States to Japan before the start of World War II.^[10] On the return voyage to Japan, the ship was struck with a case of food poisoning in which 125 passengers were affected, of which eight died. One of the stricken passengers was Susumu Nikaido, the post-war vice-president of the LDP. The incident was the subject of an essay by Yuriko Miyamoto.

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On 30 August, Tatsuta Maru transported 349 Polish Jewish refugees who had arrived in Japan via Siberia from Kobe to Shanghai, where they were received by the Shanghai Ghetto. On 15 October, under contact to the Japanese government, she was temporarily designated a diplomatic exchange vessel, and was used in the repatriation of 608 Allied nationals to the United States. Travelling under total radio silence, she arrived at San Francisco on 30 October, and after embarking 860 Japanese nationals, returned to Yokohama via Honolulu on 14 November. This was the last civilian passenger voyage between Japan and the United States before World War II.^[10] She departed Yokohama on 2 December, ostensibly on a second repatriation voyage to bring Japanese back from Mexico; however, the voyage was a hoax, and on 6 December, the captain opened sealed orders which instructed him to reverse course.^[11] Shortly after returning to Yokohama, she is requisitioned by the Imperial Japanese Navy.^[10]

Military career[edit]

In early 1942, Tatsuta Maru made several voyages been Japan and the Philippines and Borneo as a troopship. In July 1942, Tatsuta Maru was again temporarily designated a diplomatic exchange vessel, and was used in the repatriation of the prewar diplomatic staffs of Japan and the Allied nations. She departed Yokohama with UK Ambassador Sir Robert Craigie and 60 other British diplomats, along members of many other foreign diplomatic delegations and civilians. On reaching Shanghai and Singapore, she took on many more repatriates, so that when she reached Lourenço Marques in Portuguese East Africa on August 27, she was carrying over 1000 civilians. These were exchanged for Japanese civilians and diplomats, and Red Cross parcels for British prisoners of war in Japanese hands. On her return to Japan, she was re-requisitioned for use as a troopship, shuttling men and supplies from Japan to various points in Southeast Asia.

On 19 January 1943, she was assigned to carry 1180 Allied prisoners of war, mostly Canadians, from Hong Kong to Nagasaki. The prisoners were so overcrowded that there was no room to lay down. This earned Tatsuta Maru the epithet of 'hell ship.'^[12]

On 8 February 1943, Tatsuta Maru departed Yokosuka Naval District for Truk accompanied by the destroyer Yamagumo. The ships were spotted by the American submarine Tarpon 42 miles east of Mikurajima.^[4] After being hit by up to four torpedoes, Tatsuta Maru sank with a loss of 1,223 troops and passengers and 198 crewmen. As the sinking occurred at night during a gale, Yamagumo was unable to find any survivors.^[7]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1935). The Nomenclature of the N.Y.K. Fleet, p. 50.
2. ^Levine, David. Graphic Design from the 1920s and 1930s in Travel Ephemera: 'Plan of Passenger Accommodation Motor Ships 'Asama Maru' & ' Tatsuta Maru,' 1929.
3. ^NYK (HongKong): historyArchived 2009-04-28 at the Wayback Machine.
4. ^ ^abcDerby, Sulzer diesel motors: Asama Maru. August 29, 2008.
5. ^Haworth, R.B. Miramar Ship Index: ID #4035342.
6. ^Tate, E. Mowbray (1986). Transpacific Steam: The Story of Steam Navigation from the Pacific Coast of North America to the Far East and the Antipodes, 1867-1941. Cornwall Books. p. 68. ISBN0845347926.
7. ^ ^abcdHaworth, R.B. Miramar Ship Index: Tatsuta Maru, ID#4035362.
8. ^'Casualty reports'. The Times (45432). London. 8 February 1930. col C, p. 21.
9. ^Fitts, Robert K (2012). Banzai Babe Ruth: Baseball, Espionage, and Assassination during the 1934 Tour of Japan. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 18–21. ISBN978-0803229846.
10. ^ ^abcdNevitt, Allyn D. (2009). 'Tatsuta Maru: Tabular Record of Movement'. Combinedfleet.com.
11. ^'Life Magazine'. 4 Mar 1946: 22.Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
12. ^Banham, Tony (2009). We Shall Suffer There: Hong Kong's Defenders Imprisoned, 1942-45. Hong Kong University Press. p. 112. ISBN978-9622099609.

References[edit]

• Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1935). The Nomenclature of the N.Y.K. Fleet. Tokyo : Nippon Yusen Kaisha. OCLC 27933596
• Tate, E. Mowbray. (1986). Transpacific steam: the story of steam navigation from the Pacific Coast of North America to the Far East and the Antipodes, 1867-1941. New York: Cornwall Books. ISBN978-0-8453-4792-8; OCLC12370774
• A.J. Barker (1971) Pearl Harbor: Purnell's History of the Second World War Book 10

External links[edit]

• DerbySulzer: Tatsuta Maru

Coordinates: 34°45′N140°25′E / 34.750°N 140.417°E

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